Nanotechnology could help overcome the limitations of conventional delivery - from large-scale issues such as biodistribution to smaller-scale barriers such as intracellular trafficking - through cell-specific targeting, molecular transport to specific organelles and other approaches. Similar content being viewed by othersĮngineered nanomaterials hold significant promise to improve disease diagnosis and treatment specificity. We focus on advances in nanoparticle design that overcome heterogeneous barriers to delivery, arguing that intelligent nanoparticle design can improve efficacy in general delivery applications while enabling tailored designs for precision applications, thereby ultimately improving patient outcome overall. In this Review, we discuss advanced nanoparticle designs utilized in both non-personalized and precision applications that could be applied to improve precision therapies. As lipid-based, polymeric and inorganic nanoparticles are engineered in increasingly specified ways, they can begin to be optimized for drug delivery in a more personalized manner, entering the era of precision medicine. However, nanoparticle development continues to focus on optimizing delivery platforms with a one-size-fits-all solution. Overcoming this patient heterogeneity has also been accomplished through precision therapeutics, in which personalized interventions have enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Nanoparticles have been developed to overcome the limitations of free therapeutics and navigate biological barriers - systemic, microenvironmental and cellular - that are heterogeneous across patient populations and diseases. In recent years, the development of nanoparticles has expanded into a broad range of clinical applications.
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